![]() More finely-nuanced hierarchies often exist within classes whose members cannot be said to be distinguished by relative sonority. For plosive, the pressure generated from the lungs and diaphragm changes significantly, and the difference in pressure in one's body and outside the mouth is maximal before release (no air is flowing, and the vocal folds are not resisting the air flow). For vowels, there is a consistent level pressure generated from the lungs and diaphragm, and the difference in pressure in one's body and outside the mouth is minimal. That can be demonstrated by putting a few fingers on one's throat and pronouncing an open vowel such as the vowel, and then pronouncing one of the plosives (also known as stop consonants) of the class. The top of the scale, open vowels, has the most air used for vibrations, and the bottom of the scale has the least air being used for vibrations. Vowels have the most vibrations, but consonants are characterized as such in part by the lack of vibrations or a break in vibrations. In simpler terms, the scale has members of the same group hold the same sonority from the greatest to the smallest presence of vibrations in the vocal folds. ![]() In English, the sonority scale, from highest to lowest, is the following: i u j w/ (first two are close vowels, last two are semivowels) High vowels ( close vowels) / glides ( semivowels) Least sonorous (strongest consonantality) ![]() Sonority scale Most sonorous (weakest consonantality) to In this way, any contiguous set of sound types may be grouped together on the basis of no more than two features (for instance, glides, liquids, and nasals are ). All sound categories falling under are sonorants, whereas those falling under are obstruents. For instance, as shown in the sonority hierarchy above, vowels are considered, whereas all consonants (including stops, affricates, fricatives, etc.) are considered. The labels on the left refer to distinctive features, and categories of sounds can be grouped together according to whether they share a feature. Sound types are the most sonorous on the left side of the scale, and become progressively less sonorous towards the right (e.g., fricatives are less sonorous than nasals). Sonority hierarchies vary somewhat in which sounds are grouped together.
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